Effigies in protest
Last week I was writing up my research on the use of effigies in popular protest. This proved serendipitous timing given the events of the past week. Here is the Yorkshire Post's report on the burning of effigies of Margaret Thatcher in the former mining town of Goldthorpe. According to Charles Tilly's typology of the development of protest, effigy burning was an 18th century form of local customary and rural protest that should have died out by the 19th century, with its more 'modern', bureaucratic, less violent collective action directed at parliament. Yet effigy burning was very much a part of 19th century urban popular protest, and as we have seen this week, continues today. Effigy burning was of course part of the regular customary calendar on 5 November, but it also featured regularly during elections and increasingly in the early nineteenth century, in a wide range of protests and campaigns. Why do people make and burn effigies in protest? There are,